The Existence Of Beliefs Beyond Doubt Essay - 2214 Words

Renà © Descartes set out in his writing of Meditations on First Philosophy to prove the existence of beliefs beyond doubt. He begins his first meditation by casting all things into doubt, claiming that there is no reason to believe that anything exists at all, including the external world, God, and even his own being. Descartes believes that anything which cannot be cast into doubt must certainly be true, and then goes on to introduce an argument which attempts to prove the existence of God. Though reasonable, to some extent, at the time of its original proposal, his justification has become notorious for its faulty logic. Descartes’ argument in Meditation Three is widely referred to as the Trademark Argument, as he claims that God left his trademark on humans when he created them, as is stated, â€Å"And indeed it is no surprise that God, in creating me, should have placed this idea in me to be, as it were, the mark of the craftsman stamped on his work†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Descar tes 51). Throughout the meditation, Descartes presents serious problems in his reasoning behind many of his proofs; he also employs circular reasoning to justify his main points. At its core, the Trademark Argument holds some key strengths, but does not serve Descartes’ intent of establishing belief beyond doubt and is therefore ineffective in proving the existence of God. Descartes establishes several proofs throughout his Trademark Argument which aim to confirm the ultimate conclusion that there is a God, and in thisShow MoreRelatedDiscourse on Descartes Skeptical Method1672 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes’ Skeptical Method Descartes’ method offers definitive conclusions on certain topics, (his existence, the existence of God)but his reasoning is not without error. He uses three arguments to prove existence (His and God’s) that attempt to solidify his conclusions. For his method to function seamlessly, Descartes needs to be consistent in his use of the method, that is, he must continue to doubt and challenge thoughts that originate in his own mind. He is unable to achieve this ideal stateRead MoreDescartes Six Meditations on First Philosophy Essay1347 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the six meditations on First Philosophy, French philosopher Rene Descartes seeks to find a concrete foundation for the basis of science, one which he states can only include certain and unquestionable beliefs. Anything less concrete, he argues will be exposed to the external world and to opposition by philosophical sceptics. The sense of the Cartesian reform is the imposition of a new method of thinking. Descartes’ method to begin with is reductive, removing all knowledge acquired withoutRead MoreCan We Prove God Exists? Essay562 Words   |  3 Pagesalways been eager to discuss the existence of God. Some philosophers, such as St Thomas Aquinas, and St Anselm, believe that we have proven that God exists through our senses, logic, and experience. Others such as Soren Kierkegaard, and Holbach, feel that we will never have the answer to this question due to our human limitations, and reason. The believer tends to rely on faith for his belief, and claim they do not need proof in order to believe in the Gods existence. The atheist however, tends toRead MoreEssay on descartes1223 Words   |  5 Pages Descartes ignored all he believed to be true. He believed that if any belief can be doubted it is not certain, making it unusable as a foundation. Descartes jettisons any information, knowledge, or trut hs that are based on his senses. He applied the â€Å"Dream Argument,† (19) where he stated that based on the senses alone, there is no definite way of proving that you are dreaming or awake. Therefore, any truths based upon the senses are unreliable and doubtful. Descartes turned to why and how his sensesRead MoreDescartes and God Essay820 Words   |  4 Pagesemployed in order to understand and come to an agreement on these debated topics. One such topic, which is arguably the greatest topic of debate occurring in modern day, is the existence of God. Sure, many people believe in some sort of higher being, but how many of them try and use logic and rational thought to prove the existence of God. Many probably, however we will only look at one such person. Rene Descartes attempts to use his own logic to come up with the conclusion that a perfect being does existRead MoreHinduism And Taoism1301 Words   |  6 Pagesgod. Buddhism tries to help individuals overcome the sufferi ng and mutability of human existence through the elimination of desire and ego and achievement of the state of nirvana. Although early Hinduism ideas influenced Buddhism, these two religions differ in that Buddhists do not worship the large Parthenon of deities found in Hinduism. The founder of Taoism, Lao Tzu, viewed the Tao as inexpressible and beyond our ability to alter or change. Lao Tzu believed that human life and everything else inRead MoreDescartesMeditations, To What Extent Are We Able To Distinguish Between Reality And Illusion1482 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"With reference to Descartes’ ‘Meditations’, to what extent are we able to distinguish between reality and illusion?† ‘Meditations’ outlines Descartes’ method of justifying, through reasoning alone, his initial beliefs concerning the existence of reality as he perceives it. This challenge of scepticism is itself achieved through adopting a temporary sceptical approach in meditations 1 and 2. By way of mental deconstruction and evaluation of all that he had previously considered true, DescartesRead MoreThe Grim Reader Is All Powerful1574 Words   |  7 Pagesmust anyone welcome the ridiculous idea that their current, stable existence will someday abruptly disappear? Whether I believe I will fade into a dark eternal nirvana, fantasize of a pure heaven, or place my faith in reincarnation matters little before mortality. After all, I cannot eliminate complete doubt of my beliefs. The irrational element of certain death awaiting each and every person is an unshakable truth that can be beyond infuriating. However, in Lloyd Jones’ Mister Pip, Matilda statesRead MoreAnalysis Of R ene Descartes Theory Of God Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesFor generations in time, the approximative belief of God in conceptual value has been imbued in the heart of the human race as a core valve in man’s history. From antiquity to contemporary modernism, there has always been a diversified integration composed of believers and non-believers of God. The assemblage of those who have â€Å"pledged their allegiance† to God foster a like-minded relation to one religious group or another. On the other hand, â€Å"rationalist - freethinkers† as I would like to call themRead More The Existence Of God Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesThe Existence of God Works Cited Not Included For centuries, the idea of God has been a part of mans history. Past and present, there has always been a different integration consisting of the believers and the non-believers of God. The group of those who have faith in God tend to be related to one religion or another. On the other hand, the skeptics find the existence of God somewhat puzzling and try to seek the answers through scientific methods. Even as of today with all the modern

How Anthropologists Interpret Cave Art - 1381 Words

Anthropology 1AA3 – Critical Analysis Two A prehistoric archaeologist’s goal, as per Scupin and DeCorse (2013:5), is to decipher the beliefs and mindset of past societies, particularly early inhabitants of Europe and America, through their material culture, such as the cave art found in Lascaux. This cave, located in southern France, contains what is believed to be one of the oldest artistic representations of wild animals and art; it has captured the interest of numerous scientists, philosophers and historians, all of whom wish to make sense of these enigmatic images (Lippit 2002:20). With the multitude of minds working to decode these images, it comes as no surprise that there are a variety of unique interpretations of these paintings†¦show more content†¦This mental stress manifests itself in the form of art; the violent nature of the scene is explained by Bataille (1961) to signify humanity’s estrangement from the natural world (as cited in Lippit 20 02:27). All in all, though the actual nature of the struggle is explained differently by the two authors, one conclusion of the significance of Lascaux between the two articles is that it shows the difficulties and challenges of life. Drawing from the previously described interpretation, the cave could be associated with shamanism and held religious significance. Through indirect speculations, another method by which anthropologists interpret cave art, Rheingold (1991) deciphered the scene as one meant to induce â€Å"an altered state of consciousness† to gain knowledge (as cited in Lippit 2002:23). This is essentially what a shaman is; shamans are specialized healers who go-between the spirit world and humans by altering their mental state to accomplish their duties (Miller et al. 2013:199). This would make Lascaux a site of spiritual value. Lechler (1951:283) believed that these cultures believed in totems, which can be connected to healing and shamanism as well. The religi ous aspect to Lascaux is not thoroughly understood, but both article makes reference to it. In their own ways, the authors take existing ruins and mysterious symbols as signs of rituals and other sacredShow MoreRelatedIs Art Important For Human Evolution?901 Words   |  4 PagesArt is crucial to human evolution because it is both a medium of expression that allows humans to evolve and is also key evidence of human evolution. The development and evolution of the human conscious has a direct correlation to the art created from each time period and has allowed researchers to interpret it, using it as a gateway into early human life. Art acts as a window into the minds and lifestyles of our ancestors. It has influenced the development, evolution, and the process of naturalRead More The Unwritten History of Cave Paintings Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesHowever, in the 1860s, a new art was discovered that changed the view of human creation forever. This new insight was cave painting. Cave painting is a form of prehistoric art that dates back hundreds of thousands of years. Analysts are unable to specify the reasoning behind these paintings of objects on cave walls, but many theories have been formulated to surmise the rational behind the art. Questions arise like, â€Å"why did man find a need to paint the walls of caves† and is this part of the foundationRead MorePaleolithic Religion: The Genesis Of Belief Essay2350 Words   |  10 Pagesdefinition, we are in some ways the last of our kind, though without doubt the most prolific. Yet it does beg the question of what was it exactly that changed us from â€Å"upright-walking primates† and turned us into the â€Å"wise man† of today. Some Anthropologists argue it is the formation and use of complex tools – except further research has shown all primates and even some other species grasp the concept of making and using tools. Others say it is our capacity for higher, rational thought – except currentRead MoreCulture : The Minds Eye : What The Blind See1691 Words   |  7 Pages According to cultural anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor, culture is a â€Å"complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.† In other words, culture is a concept that social organizations practice in order to explain certain phenomena in nature whether through mythology, rituals, art, music, and language. However, as explained by Ethan Watters in â€Å"The Mega Marketing of Depression in Japan,† cultureRead MoreKhasak14018 Words   |  57 PagesMonday, 26 October 2009 Preface This dissertation titled ART AS A RENDEZVOUS OF MYTH AND MIND: A PSYCHOANALYTIC AND MYTHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF O V VIJAYAN’S THE LEGENDS OF KHASAK explores how the judicious selection and use of literary theory can account for the universal appeal of The Legends of Khasak, a belated self translated rendering of a famous regional work in Malayalam, Khasakkinte Ithihasam authored by the eminent writer O V Vijayan, and thus assert its artistic value. Divided into fourRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesbe said about film in general. And certainly the criticism of films—or, better yet, their analysis—is an enterprise of utmost importance: it is the film-makers who create the art of the cinema; it is through reflection on those individual films we have liked (or those we have disliked) that we have gained insights into the art of the film in general. Still, there are other approaches. Cinema is a vast subject, and there are more ways than one to enter it. Taken as a whole, it is first of all a factRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesNikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen Senior Art Director: Janet Slowik Art Director: Kenny Beck Text and Cover Designer: Wanda Espana OB Poll Graphics: Electra Graphics Cover Art: honey comb and a bee working / Shutterstock / LilKar Sr. Media Project Manager, Editorial: Denise Vaughn Media Project Manager, Production: Lisa Rinaldi Full-Service Project Management:

The Rhetorical Triangle free essay sample

The Rhetorical Triangle I will first define the rhetorical triangle modern there are three elements of the rhetorical triangle modern (speaker audience situations) the rhetorical triangle modern has three equal sections that create the triangular. The speaker is a person that is giving’s an oral message to the listeners†. (Lucas, 2008, p. 17). Character of the speaker also affects the audience in element. The audience is a person of you your presentation or speech. The speaker will need to have a relationship with the audience know who will be your audience the speakers should realizes everybody’s different and everybody’s not going to think the same way. The situation section of the presentation or speech should be considered just as important as the speaker and audience because it also has a hand the victory of the speech or presentation if either element is lacking the presentation or speech will fail. For example when you’re working you’re working for a company everybody has different job titles . We will write a custom essay sample on The Rhetorical Triangle or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ou will work together for the company to be successful such as . The rhetorical triangle modern needs to work together for order to the speech or presentation will be successful. The first video that I watched it† how to change a flat tire step-by-step†. The speaker seemed confident in knowledgeable of the subject of changing a flat tire. The rhetorical triangle was successful in this video the speaker a very calm, the was very hands on show you each part of changing a flat tire. Because I’m a visual learner it my attention during the video. The speaker knew his audience was going to be someone that didn’t how to change a flat tire. The goal of the speaker is to show the person that is viewing the video by changing a flat tire by them. The situation element is they can learn it myself or pay someone to do it for them. My second video that I watched† â€Å"How to Install a Porcelain or Ceramic Tile Floor†. This video is presented by Lowes . because it’s presented by Lowes they will have a knowledgeable person for the video . The element the rhetorical triangle was successful in the video. Because of the speaker knows if they are watching this video they are trying to learn a new craft in the beginners will understand and will be able to learn a new skill. Speaker purpose to teach the audience how to install tile flooring the situation is how to learn to install floor tiling themselves or paying someone else double the work. In the two videos I believe they both instructors are able to teach their subjects but one video was a better presentation and then the other I feel this video was more successful of caption the audience attention it and was very detailed was â€Å"How to Change a Flat Tire-Change a Flat Tire Step by Step†. The second video was â€Å"How to Install a Porcelain or Ceramic Tile Floor did not show how to prep the floors before you install the tile. By not telling the audience how to prep a floor to install the tiles is very important because aching calls menu mistakes in the accident. The video â€Å"how to change a flat tire† what is a great presentation because he physically showed you By step how to change a tire in detail and why you should change this part first the speaker is aware of the their audience of do it themselves would like to install their own floors it instead of paying someone else.

The Austrian Education System free essay sample

The Austrian education system School in Austria is free and public and compulsory for all children for 9 years. The education for children is divided into three main categories which are primary, lower secondary and upper secondary school. Due to the School Act of 1962 a legal basis was set for primary and secondary education. Furthermore, these two school types are managed by the state. Primary education lasts for four years. The Lower Secondary education lasts also four years and the students have the possibility to inscribe for the general secondary or the academic secondary school. Next, upper secondary education lasts for five years. The first school year at upper secondary level is the final year of compulsory school for the Austrian’s majority. Finally, after finishing five years of upper secondary school schoolchildren receive the A-levels which is an entry to higher education for example, university. Apart from that, private schools are mainly provided by the Roman Catholic Church with a small percentage of 10 %. We will write a custom essay sample on The Austrian Education System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page All in all, Austria has an adequate education system with a variety of schools and educational facilities. Moreover, if students choose the apprenticeship training the Austrian education system offers a job specific training and enables them to gain essential experience during the training period. However, a critical and controversial point, especially in the Lower Secondary school and at University, is that the state pushes a lot of money in the school system but it isn’t used effectively. A reason could be the old school and bureaucratic administration. It is my firm belief that, only a small amount of the state’s donation is used for teaching material. I have experienced that in my science class in the Lower Secondary school. There we had gadgets which were at least 20 years old and didn’t work properly. Besides, there is a lasting lack of teachers who are not sufficient educated. So when it comes to the situation that a teacher has to make a replacement, he is not able to teach the primal subject.

Cornelius Tacitus - Roman Historian

Cornelius Tacitus - Roman Historian Name: Cornelius TacitusDates: c. A.D. 56 - c. 120Occupation: HistorianImportance: Source on Imperial Rome, Roman Britain, and Germanic Tribes It is the rare fortune of these days that a man may think what he likes and say what he thinks.Histories I.1 Biography Little is known for certain about the origins of Tacitus, although he is believed to have been born, around A.D. 56, into a provincial aristocratic family in Gaul (modern France) or nearby, in the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul. We dont even know if his name was Publius or Gaius Cornelius Tacitus. He had a successful political course, becoming a senator, consul, and eventually governor of the Roman province of Asia. He probably lived and wrote into Hadrians reign (117-38) and may have died in A.D. 120. Despite a political situation that had provided for his personal success, Tacitus was unhappy with the status quo. He lamented the previous centurys reduction of aristocratic power, which was the price of having a princeps emperor. A Challenge to Latin Students As an iconoclastic Latin student, I thought it a blessing that so much of the prolific historian Livys Roman history, Ab Urbe Condita From the Founding of the City, had been lost. Tacitus poses an even greater challenge than volume to the Latin student because his prose is difficult to translate. Michael Grant acknowledges this when he says, the more prudent translators have prefaced their efforts by apologetic reminders that Tacitus has never been translated and probably never will be.... Tacitus comes from the Greco-Roman tradition of history writers whose purpose is as much to promote a rhetorical flourish-filled moral agenda as it is to record facts. Tacitus studied oratory at Rome, including the writing of Cicero, and may have written oratorical treatises before his 4 best-known writings, the historical/ethnographic pieces. Major Works: Agricola (Agricola in English),Germania,Historiae (Histories), andAnnales (Annals). The Annals of Tacitus We are missing about 2/3 of the Annales (an account of Rome year-by-year), but still have 40 out of 54 years. Annales isnt the only source for the period, either. We have Dio Cassius from about a century later, and Suetonius, a contemporary of Tacitus, who, as court secretary, had access to imperial records. Although Suetonius had important information and wrote a very different account, his biographies are considered less discriminating than Tacitus Annales. Tacituss Agricola, written in about A.D. 98, is described by Michael Grant as semi-biographical, moral eulogy of a personage in this case, his father-in-law. In the process of writing about his father-in-law, Tacitus provided a history and description of Britain. Germania and the Histories of Tacitus Germania is an ethnographic study of Central Europe in which Tacitus compares the decadence of Rome with the virility of the barbarians. Historiae Histories, which Tacitus wrote before Annales, treats the period from Neros death in A.D. 68 to A.D. 96. The Dialogus De Oratoribus Dialogue on Orators pits Marcus Aper, who favors oratorical eloquence, against Curiatius Maternus, who favors poetry, in a discussion (set in A.D. 74/75) of the decline in oratory. J.W. Mackails Latin Literature Part III. Chapter III. TacitusTacitus: HistoriesTacitus: The AnnalsTacitus: GermaniaVeleda - as described by TacitusA Summary of Tacituss Works

Colleges With the Lowest SAT Scores, Ranked

Colleges With the Lowest SAT Scores, Ranked SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Applying to college is a nerve-wracking process, but have no fear, if you want to go to college even with a low SAT score, there is most likely a school for you! In this article, I'll list the colleges with the lowest 25th percentile SAT scores for their admitted students. The 25th percentile SAT score means that 25% of admitted students to that university scored at or below that number; the 75th percentile SAT score means that 75% of admitted students scored at or below that score (25% scored higher).I'll also explainwhy their low SAT criterion doesn’t necessarily mean the university is bad. Schools Listed in Ascending Order of 25th/75th Percentile with Admission Rate I compiled this comprehensive list through online research. I chose to list it in ascending order by 25th percentile score (rather than the 75th percentile score) so that you could see the lowest scores allowed for admission to these universities. These scores are from data for the current version of the SAT, which is out of 1600. School Name 25th Percentile SAT Score 75th Percentile SAT Score Admission Rate Wiley College 600 1020 40% Jarvis Christian 720 890 54% Shaw University 730 900 60% Rust College 740 870 16% Livingstone College 750 930 72% Central State University 760 900 39% Edward Waters College 760 920 23% Voorhees 770 (average) 50% Paine College 770 950 44% Huston-Tillotson University 770 960 46% Chowan University 780 940 62% CUNY-Medgar Evers 780 960 91% Pine Manor College 780 970 69% Cheyney University of Pennsylvania 780 1020 85% Virginia Union 800 920 83% Bethune-Cookman 800 960 54% Gallaudet University 800 990 62% College of St Elizabeth 800 1000 63% Trinity Baptist College 800 1090 Unknown Texas Southern University 810 980 51% Kentucky State University 810 1000 38% Wesley College 810 1030 63% Clark Atlanta University 820 1010 52% Hillsdale Free Will Baptist College 820 1030 45% Sul Ross State University 830 1010 80% Paul Quinn College 830 1020 89% Alabama State University 840 1030 48% SUNY Cobleskill 840 1070 89% Calumet College of St Joseph 850 00 35% Virginia State University 850 1020 77% University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff 860 1070 46% Post University 860 10 47% Trinity College of Florida 870 1050 74% Northern State University 870 80 83% Texas AM - Kingsville 910 10 82% Kentucky Christian University 910 40 48% Albertus Magnus 950 1050 67% North Park University 1020 1220 52% Marietta College 1030 1270 72% University of Louisiana at Monroe 1030 1310 94% Why Do These Colleges Have Low SAT Scores for Admits? Is It a Bad Thing? There are many reasons these schools may have lower SAT score requirements.Many of the schools on this list are specialty schools,such as religious or art schools. These specialty schools often prioritize other admission criteria, such as artistic talent or religious faith, over the SAT. For example, Trinity College Florida says, "We seek applications from students who are personally committed to Jesus Christ and express a desire to study in a Christian college environment. Prospective students should show potential for academic success and evidence of outstanding Christian character." In a particularly unique example, Gallaudet University prioritizes the education of deaf and hard-of-hearing students, although select hearing students who know ASL may be admitted. You may notice that a lot of these schools have a large gap between the 25th to 75th percentile (some nearly as wide as 400 points).Students with scores near the 25th percentile may be admitted for special reasons such as being the child of a significant donor, a legacy, an athlete, or an exceptional talent (such as a world-class pianist). Another possible explanation for the wide range of scores isthat since most of these schools have such high admissions rate, they need to accept a wider range of students to fill up their classes. Some of these schools take almost every student who applies and, thus, have wider ranges of scores. It's not necessarily a bad thing that these schools have lower SAT requirements.It may simply mean that the school is prioritizing other admissions criteria or that the school is opening their school to a wider range of students. A lot of other colleges, including prestigious schools like Bryn Mawr, Wake Forest, and George Washington University, are no longer requiring the SAT for admission.This decision doesn't mean that these aren't excellent colleges; they just no longer think the SAT is the best criteria for admission to their university. However, some of the schools on the list above are not veryacademically rigorous. If you're looking for an intellectually challenging school, you may want to look elsewhere. Even worse, there are schools out there that simply exist to make money, and innocent students end up stuck with hundreds of thousands of dollars of debt. While for-profit schools are usually the worst offenders, some non-profits also have lower education quality and leave students with few job prospects after graduation. Be wary and do your research when considering where to apply to college. When selecting colleges to apply to, you should instead consider whether the college is your best fit, asking questions such as: Does it have the major you want to pursue? Have students in your major ended up with careers in their chosen field? Is it in a big or small town? What is the student body size? What percentage of students are working or attending graduate school after graduation? How many are unemployed? To figure out what schoolis right for you, check out our guide to choosing a college. What’s Next? Trying to raise your SAT score? Check outour ultimate study guide. Not sure where you want to go to college? Check out our guide to finding your target school. Thinking about getting a job while in high school? Check out our guide to the 8 best jobs for teensand learn how to find yours! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Dora Seigel About the Author As an SAT/ACT tutor, Dora has guided many students to test prep success. She loves watching students succeed and is committed to helping you get there. Dora received a full-tuition merit based scholarship to University of Southern California. She graduated magna cum laude and scored in the 99th percentile on the ACT. She is also passionate about acting, writing, and photography. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Gender roles and Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Gender roles and Marriage - Essay Example As time progressed the gender roles altered and the relationships and roles within the families were no longer confined to gender roles. While sex refers to the biological classification into male and female categories, gender indicates social classification of the masculine and feminine attributes. On the other hand identity depends on ones self realization about his or her sexual category. In the paper two stories have been taken up for study – ‘The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber and ‘The Story of an Hour’ by Kate Chopin. In the former work, Mr. Mitty tries to build his masculine identity through his regular daydreams and in the second work, Mrs. Mallard tries to gain freedom from the repressive bond of marriage and a kind of sexual freedom is experienced after she hears the news of her husband’s death. In fact both these characters of opposite gender tries to gain freedom in their own ways. Mr. Walter Mitty attempts to gain fr eedom from the influence of his dominating wife who apparently always has the last word. The institution of marriage can be repressive owing to the influence of gender roles. ‘The Story of An Hour’ by the American writer Kate Chopin talks about the central character Mrs. Mallard’s reaction and mental transformation on hearing the news of her husband’s death and the mix of emotions experienced by the frail woman. Widowhood does cause some sorrow but within minutes it brings forth a new opportunity and light to the journey of life (GRIN Verlag, 2010, p.3). The transformation in thoughts and a feeling of some kind of freedom gradually replaces the initial feeling of loss. In this case the freedom enjoyed within shows how repressive the marriage could be. This is not really written to criticize the character of Mr. Mallard as a repressive husband but through the reactions of his wife, it mocks this supposedly happy union. The open window, the comfortable chair, ‘delicious breath of rain’ and the tops of the trees that were ‘all aquiver with the new spring life’, all indicate an underlying feeling of regene ration or rebirth and a mind which is open to the change and the new life that will belong solely to her. The open window through which she stares at the sky represents a glance at life through the eye of freedom. Mrs. Mallard was ‘young, with a fair, calm face, whose lines bespoke repression and even a certain strength’; this description has been used as a tool to highlight the change that was taking place within. She was gaining her strength from the expectation of a new life approaching her. These new oncoming years have been portrayed like â€Å"creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air†. (Chopin, 1894) Chopin’s story bears significance to The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Gilman where the wife finally protests against her husband who does not want her to write and always asks her to rest and sleep like a sick woman. Gilman finally breaks free of her husband’s control and tears off the wallpaper while Mrs. Mallard waits for a way out. The reason behind their desire for freedom is also different in each case. This was a time when the Women’s Suffrage Movement has just begun and several issues such as the domination and subjugation of a married woman was brought into consideration. A woman was considered as the property of her husband including her life and decisions. The spring of awareness was just born around the time this story was written (late nineteenth century) and hence Mrs. Mallard is kind of relieved that she would not have to face the domination of her husband henceforth. Again, there are sexual

Columbus - First Voyage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Columbus - First Voyage - Essay Example Apart from his love for adventure and hope of conquest, Columbus feared that Portugal may discover the route to India and Cathay first, and, therefore, the First Voyage was necessary. Columbus was determined to get human cargo and material goods to his country and for himself thus he had an interest in slavery.3 Columbus was sailing both for adventure and getting a share of the big profits, which were to be made once, they reached the Indies. The purpose of the First Voyage of Columbus was finding a shorter route to Asia but instead of finding Asia, he landed in the â€Å"New World†. Since the trade between Asia and Europe was quite lucrative as it was full of spices. Columbus wanted to control the trade between Europe and Asia to make huge riches and fame. Muslims and Italians dominated most of the trade with Asians, and since Spain had not established any trade ties, Columbus was interested and determined to do it. The Spain rulers are simply funded Columbus hoping to enter into the spice trade through Columbus. His three missions were achieving glory, finding Gold, and spreading Christianity Gospel to the people of Asia.4 Columbus was not exploring the world when he landed in America but trying to find a shorter route to Asia for trading purposes. He rose to fame because he accidentally found the new world when he was trying to enrich himself by finding a shorter route to the spice land. Christopher Columbus came to be recognized as the discovery of America but according to historians, others had landed there first.

Race representation in Desmonds and Mind your language Essay Example for Free

Race representation in Desmonds and Mind your language Essay In this essay I am going to compare the ways in which race has been represented in the two sitcoms Desmonds and Mind your language. Desmonds is a sitcom set in a barber shop in the 1989 and Mind your language which is set in a school in 1970s. Mind your language reinforces stereotypes by the peoples accents for example Ali said that he goes around and nicking on peoples doors when hes meant to say knocking on peoples door thats why you cant trust him and this also makes him sound dishonest. Ali and Ranjeet are in a conflict with each other because of the war against India and Pakistan. Jamila the Pakistani woman is represented as domestic because she is always knitting in class also there is conflict going on with Ingrid the Swedish woman and Anna the German woman who are trying to attract most of the men in the class because mostly the class is full of men. Ranjeet is shown as a typical Indian because he is always shaking his head and moving his hands and also him going to be arranged married to a another person that he doesnt even know and doesnt like. Taro the Japanese man has a camera on him because it shows that all Japanese people carry cameras and makes them look like tourists. All the students in Mind your language dont take learning English seriously by not doing their homework instead they buy it of Giovanni the Italian and coming late to their classes. Desmonds is a sitcom set in 1980s in a barber shop. Desmonds is different to mind your language. It is subverting stereotypes because in Desmonds the people own their own business and when the show starts you see white people hanging around with black people instead of white people on one side and black on the other. This is represented by Shirley how is the daughter of Desmond has a white friend and when the show is starts you see a Blackman and a white man shaking hands. In Desmond the barber shop is used for social conversation about black people achieving things and how political comments are made negative at stereotyping in the media. Sean is the son of Desmond. Hes represented as a claver and wanting to go to school and wanting to learn. As well as listening to rap music and the older brother Sean has left and started working as a bank manager how lives well and also owns his own house. In conclusion I think mind your language is bad because it makes the people sound dishonest and bad but Desmonds on the other hand show positive view on TV because of showing black people wanting to learn and at the same time being into rap music and also black people being friends with white people.

A New Policy on High-heeled Shoes :: Medical Medicine Health Essays

A New Policy on High-heeled Shoes Background Throughout history, women have bent over backward to feel and look attractive. Many of the methods used to obtain this goal are dangerous to their health. The high-heeled shoe, one of the most popular types of women’s foot apparel, belongs in this category. The pump puts a tremendous amount of stress on a woman’s knees, back, heels, and toes. To avoid these potential problems, women should be warned about the dangers of wearing high-heeled shoes. Needs Without knowledge of the damage done by high-heeled shoes women are put in danger of permanently harming their bodies. "High heels hurt and can cause significant health problems including bunions, heel pain, toe deformities and painful trapped nerves" (1). Many women experience lower back pain resulting from the extended wear of high-heeled shoes. Women are also more likely to sprain an ankle while wearing heels than while wearing flatter shoes. The constant wearing of a heeled shoe can shorten the Achilles tendon over time, causing the wearer to lose a range of motion in the foot. This can result in causing pain during any exercise, even one so simple as walking(1). Another health concern is the strain on the knee, which can result in osteoarthritis, a chronic degeneration of cartilage in the joints. A two-inch heel is enough to cause an increased amount of strain on the inner side of the knee, possibly setting the stage for the onset of this condition (2). Below are two diagrams sh owing the health dangers of extended high-heel shoe wearing, Figure 1.1 shows the injuries to the foot and Figure 1.2 shows the damages to the rest of the body. Source: www.ama-assn.org/insight/en_hlth/atlas/newatlas/mufront.htm (3) Source: www.ama-assn.org/insight/gen_hlth/atlas/newatlas/foot.htm (4) Many women also have to waste money going through a corrective surgery that otherwise could have been avoided if they had been aware of the damage caused by high-heeled shoes and had been more moderate with the amount of wearing time. "The total estimated cost for this avoidable surgery is $2 billion annually" (1). This wastes time and labor, both of which could have been easily saved by an informational warning about the risk of wearing high-heeled shoes. Idea Since there are so many ill effects resulting from high-heeled shoe usage, women should be informed of them. I propose the best way to do so is to place a warning label on all high-heeled apparel boxes. This label would appear something like the following:

Should School Uniforms Be Compulsory?

It has long been a controversial topic. Should uniforms be compulsory? The answer is short, absolutely! The reasons which support this argument far outweigh any opposing points. For years, the question has ‘ping-ponged’ back and forth as to whether having uniforms is imperative. Why would anyone choose to spend time carefully selecting different clothes to wear each day, if the option is out there to know every morning what you need to wear simply by having a uniform? Most importantly, uniforms make a group equal.There is no discrimination against someone’s choice of clothing. Commonly, families with a thriving financial status have the ability to spend money on high-end clothing labels, whilst families with an average or poor financial status have no option but to purchase the cheaper alternative. Why should anyone be put in a position of feeling as though they are judged purely on the choice of their clothing? Uniforms keep those who wear them, feeling as though they are â€Å"the same† or similar.Uniforms have the ability to make a group a team. Particularly when attending out of school activities or events, peers feel as though they are a part of team by simply wearing the same thing. It identifies complete individuals and unites them as one in the same. Look at teams of all sorts of circumstances. Soccer teams, wear the same uniform for their training and their games. How else would we be able to identify that they belong to a team or club? The staff at Qantas Airlines all wear the same uniform during their time at work.It would be quite interesting if they all decided to wear their own clothes and we weren’t able to identify them from the passengers. Without even knowing someone, a uniform can quickly identify them to any team whether that is a sports team, a company or a school. When students put on a uniform, it instantly makes them look neat and tidy and when you see hundreds of peers all in the same uniform, all in on e school. It gives the impression that it is a nice, hardworking and a dedicated school.If a school uniform got damaged, you will have the relief of knowing that it’s only a uniform and will most likely get fixed in a hurry but if it was just ordinary casual clothes, you wouldn’t get it fixed anytime soon because you’ll know that there are more clothes waiting to be worn. Just say if there were to be an incident before or after school such like a fight and bystanders witnessed it. There would be less chance of the two offenders facing a punishment because no one can identify who they are and what school they come from. So in conclusion

Explain How Practices That Support Equaity and Inclusion Reduce

Amanda Hopwood Cache Level 2 in Diploma in Children’s Care, Learning and Development Pin/Enrolment Number – 30169038 ULN – 6939676189 Assessor – Jennifer Hughes Assurer – Helen Tweddle SHC 21 Introduction to equality & inclusion in health, social care or children 7 young people settings 1. 1 –Explain what is meant by: Diversity – means is to understand that each child/young person is individual, unique and different i. e. , it could be the differences in race, heritage, customs, beliefs, physical appearance, mental capability.Diversity should be valued and respected as each person are completely different to any other person, even in the examples I have stated above. We need diversity as is gives us different views and opinions. We must value our diversity so we can work together to live a happy life. Equality – means to give all children/young person equal opportunities to achieve their best in the setting. Each child is differ ent so you have to respect that. Some children might need support. You can do this by planning ahead to achieve all aspects of learning and development for all children irrespective of disability, heritage etc.It's about getting the balance between each child. Inclusion – means to ensure all embodies such as children and their families have the right support regardless of their ability to take part in a range of activities in the setting. Inclusion is the process of making this happen. to do this in the setting you must take away all barriers and give each person a warm and welcoming attitude whilst in setting. Discrimination – means a child/young person is treated differently because of their membership such as race, colour, gender, religion, ancestry, origin, disabilities.It involves excluding or restricting child/young person in a membership from opportunities that are available to other children/young person. Children may experience discrimination because of their colour, culture/religion, impairments, gender, race, size because they are disabled or have special educational needs. Children who are discriminated may feel undervalued and may lose confidence. They may find others will have a low expectations of what they can achieve. Others might assume they cannot do an activity as they can't cope.

Baker College on-line Integrated Project Portfolio †Business Essay

Baker College on-line Integrated Project Portfolio – Business Essay Free Online Research Papers Baker College on-line Integrated Project Portfolio Business Essay Students attending Baker College on-line are required to write papers for their Integrated Project Portfolio (IPP). Each core course requires a student to complete a research paper.This paper should demonstrate the student’s ability to comprehend the course material in each of his or her core courses. The student’s paper can pertain to any topic of his or her choice, as long as it relates to the materials and concepts learned in the specific course. In addition to the IPP papers, a student must relate the topics to an umbrella topic, or over-all theme. The purpose of this essay is to introduce my umbrella topic and individual IPP paper topics for the accelerated Human Resources Management program. Umbrella Topic: The Retail Industry The Retail Industry is the umbrella topic I have chosen to be included in my IPP. The reason for this topic, the retail industry, is due to the fact that I am a convenience store manager. As the store manager, I deal with many aspects of the retail industry. I purchase products and sell these items for profitable gains. My position deals greatly with the retail goods and services found in the retail sector. I interact with individuals and other companies located within this sector of the market. Using the retail industry as my umbrella topic can be an added benefit to my studies at Baker College and my work experiences, too. I can apply my knowledge and training to allow myself better on-site work performance. The following paragraphs discuss my core courses and related topics for the accelerated Human Resources Management program at Baker College. The subheading represents each course in the program and is preceded by the selected topic for my paper. Each paragraph explains the topic’s relevance to the course and the umbrella topic I have chosen. BUS 311: Accounting for Managers Business accounting procedures This topic deals with the accounting practices used by businesses in the Retail Industry. Managers, owners, creditors, and government agencies all need accounting information. Customers and clients use accounting information, too. I plan to address the purpose of accounting and the effects accounting has on various aspects of a business. I will describe the accounting process and go into great detail about how the process affects different ownership structures and types of businesses. This topic will be related to the retail industry and the impact accounting has on this section of the market. BUS 371: Financial Analysis and Application Business finance options The topic I have chose for the course dealing with financial analysis and application is business finance options. After conducting research, I plan to write my paper about the options businesses have for financing. There are many ways a business can finance its operations. I will include detailed information about each different loan or method of finance. I will also define terms and highlight the benefits of each option. This paper will be tied into my umbrella topic, the retail industry, by including the specific finance options of most retail businesses and discussing the more favored options of today’s retail businesses. HRM 435: Global Human Resources Management Stages of Internationalization Internationalism deals with the aspect of nations cooperating together because they have common interests that exceed their differences. In this paper, I plan to describe what internationalism is and the reasons companies seek internationalism. There are different views dealing with internationalism. This paper will address these different views and parts of internationalism. My paper will also compare the international sector of the market with the domestic market. Next, I will relate the international sector with the retail sector of the market, discussing their different aspects and then their similarities. I will explain the important roles each sector plays within the market. HRM 425: Negotiating labor/Management Relations Collective Bargaining Analysis What is collective bargaining? The paper I write analyzing collective bargaining will answer this question. I will also address the National Labor Relations Act. This paper’s focus will be primary collective bargaining and the purpose for its use. I will address the benefits created by the use of collective bargaining and how it affects both employers and employees. The paper will also discuss how collective bargaining is used by retail businesses. There will be a section dealing with the benefits created by use of collective bargaining within the Retail sector. HRM 325: Ethics in Human Resources Employer Rights All businesses and those who are employed should have a general knowledge of employer and employee rights. Most individuals have a better knowledge of employee rights than of employer rights. I plan to discuss the difference between employer and employee rights. My main focus will be employer rights and the effects these rights have on employers, employees, and customers. I will relate this paper to my umbrella topic, the retail industry. All employers have certain rights. These rights may vary depending on the type of business in operation. I will include a section pertaining to the rights of different businesses and companies. HRM 335: Strategic Human Resources Maximizing employee productivity During this course, I plan to write a paper that deals with employee productivity. I will address many issues concerned with maximizing employee productivity. This paper will highlight many of the motivational factors that encourage employees to be successful and how to utilize these factors for above-average business performance. I will also discuss factors that influence poor employee performance or production. The paper will have a section relating the use of motivational factors in a retail business. I will explain the benefits a retail business can add to its level of productivity when using positive reinforcement techniques such as motivational tools and incentives. As I have stated earlier, each of these courses will have its own topic. A topic I have briefly discussed and introduced. I will create a paper for each course/topic to include in my Integrated Project Portfolio. Each paper will be related to my over-all theme or umbrella topic, the Retail Industry. I previously mentioned I chose the retail Industry as my umbrella topic because it is closely related to my current occupation and future career goals. It is also a topic I feel will bring me greater knowledge through my studies during the accelerated Human Resources Management program at Baker College. Research Papers on Baker College on-line Integrated Project Portfolio - Business EssayStandardized TestingAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPETSTEL analysis of India

Tips on Formulating Interesting Essay Topics

Tips on Formulating Interesting Essay Topics Composing academic essays on a regular basis is definitely demanding for students especially on conjuring ideas on the main subject of their paper. Essay topics are fundamentals of the writing process because a definite topic would bring you to the next step of your assignment that is the research stage. With the hectic school schedules of students at present, it is most likely that squeezing their brains to bring forth excellent and interesting topics would almost be an impossible task for them and at times students resort to copying essays of other writers. Here are some suggestions on how to formulate good topics for your paper:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Read a variety of books and articles. From here, you can get ideas for your paper from literature topics to current issues. For literature topics, you can choose among poems, short stories, plays, and other literary works. The usual subjects of interest in literature are well-known writings and you can come up with essays about an author such as Shakespeare as well as his literary works. Probably the most common papers submitted by students are about Shakespearean literature.   Ã‚  Ã‚   You may also opt to write about your interests as well as your personal experiences. Personal experience essays entail less or no research works to perform since you will be writing based on your knowledge. Writing this king of essay would also be less demanding on the vocabulary because your tone should be more of a casual tone. Additionally, papers about your own experiences can be completed trouble-free because your thoughts will continuously flow into writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Current issues and recurring social issues are also sources of inspiration for your paper. These controversial and newest issues can be easily researched since a lot of information is available within reach. Information for this kind of topics can be obtained from newspapers, credible internet sites as well as from the reliable television programs. Recurring social issues are excellent topics for sociology essays while current issues may vary from health concerns, political subjects, and other new issues of public interest.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Search and read essays that may help you conceptualize the contents for your paper. However, keep in mind that you must avoid copying the exact contents of these essays because you would be plagiarizing the writings of another writer. Consulting other essays should be intended for reference use only to stimulate ideas for your own paper. The contents of these essays must not be lifted and placed on your paper; remember that these writers had labored for these papers and uploaded them online with the purpose of inspiring other writers to create equally admirable papers and not to encourage plagiarism. Formulating essay topics for your paper will not be too difficult by considering these suggestions and will give you a head start on accomplishing your paper on time. Students can also seek assistance from websites offering essay-writing services by professional writers on the internet to help them in deciding on a topic or give them a hand to start writing their paper.

Differences To Division Of The US Nation Research Paper

Differences To Division Of The US Nation - Research Paper Example The compromise of 1850 was mainly introduced by Senator H. Clay of Kentucky who proposed it in many resolutions during January of 1850 and delivered a speech in defense of his proposal in which he said that slavery was not introduced by law and every state had the right to do whatever was considered right by them. In order to maintain the balance and to please both kinds of states California was introduced into the union as a free state, an act setting the boundary dispute between Texas and Mexico was passed which established a territorial government in Mexico, a territorial government was created in Utah and in these states the question of slavery was left open. This compromise settled many disputes for the time being and secession of South was delayed for a decade but later many disputes were created and the compromise did not work anymore and war broke out which finally led to division of the nation into two. The Fugitive Slaves Act was proposed as a part of the Compromise of 1850 and its main purpose was to track the slaves who had runaway to North or the Free states, to capture them and to return them to their respective southern owners. Highly trained government officials were given duty to issue warrants against the runaway slaves and to return them to the south, these officials not only tracked down many slaves but also beaten brutally and whipped. Many slaves who were tracked down and claimed to be free were not given a chance of fair trial by the jury. Many of these slaves moved out of the country and still thousands were captured again. The strict enforcement of this law proved to a major flaw in the history of America as it was highly opposed by many states in the North. These states reacted against the law in order to protect the black citizens of America and to protect the fugitive slaves from brutal and harsh treatment by the government officials. They authorized it for themselves to protect these slaves and forced the government officials by per sonal liberty law that they should have an authentic proof that the person they track down as a slave is actually a slave and in case of denial by the person he should be given right to make an appeal in front of the jury. This made the identification of slaves easy in many states that the person identified and proved to be a slave was sent to his or her respective state but it caused more trouble and disagreements in other states. These conflicts continued to mount for a decade and finally resulted in out-break of the war

What is the operating system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

What is the operating system - Essay Example only simple pointer acting according to our commands, but actually there is a whole software program that is running behind the scenes, and is controlling all its moves. That software program is the OS. When we purchase a computer system, it may or may not have an OS in it. The user has to install it. There are different types of OS, which have come over the period. For example, Windows 2000/XP/7 (types of Windows OS which is the most common OS developed by Microsoft, compatible with PC and IBM), Apple Mac OS (which is the only OS introduced by and for Apple), Ubuntu Linux (PC and IBM compatible, a variant of Linux), Google Android (which is a new OS that goes with smart phones that support Android functionalities), and iOS (for Apple iPhones). Hence, OS can be found not only in computers, but also in small electronic devices like mobile phones nowadays. Discussion about OS cannot be completed with an account of how to install an OS. Suppose that you have to install Windows 7. Place Windows 7 DVD in the DVD-ROM, and start the PC. This starts Windows 7 booting, followed by a progress bar. A screen appears that asks for language, time and currency format, and also the input method. After inserting user settings, click the install option after reading the license terms. Select Custom (Advanced) option, and disregard the Upgrade option to do a clean install. Select the appropriate drive where the Windows files will be installed. Windows 7 will start copying files to the hard disk while rebooting the system a few times in a number of steps. PC reboots from the DVD, since it is the first boot device. After the reboot, select the computer name and the username. An account with the name of administrator will be created. Now, select password and password hint for the administrator’s account. Type the product key, although you can stil l proceed but that will be a trial version then. Windows will have to be activated within the next thirty days. Review your settings,

Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing - Case Study Example Price – Despite the presence of various beer brands in the international market, Budweiser has maintained its respectable share in the global market due to its distinct product identity and deep satisfaction of customers towards its product. Hence no matter what the price of the product, Budweiser has been able to maintain its loyal customers. The so called Budweiser trademark dispute where three companies stake claim to the name â€Å"Budweiser.† Not only does it add confusion to the general public, it also varies the product taste and packaging. Despite the aforementioned weaknesses and threats, Budweiser continues to have a competitive advantage over other brands due to its stand out product name, label, and packaging. Furthermore, â€Å"sin† products such as alcoholic beverages maintains a competitive edge over other beverages despite outrageous ad campaigns and continuous government warnings. It may or may not have an agreeable marketing strategy. Nevertheless, the product name says it all. The name Budweiser has given another denotative meaning to beer, or to make it concrete – Budweiser has made itself synonymously identified to

The Culture And Cricket Media Essay

The Culture And Cricket Media Essay Sports play an important role in the life of millions across the globe. Not only are the social and political identities shaped through them, but it also mobilizes the emotions and channels the conflicts rooted in the society. Just like the soccer world cup can unite a divided Spanish society, a cricket match can rouse the passions of the thousands of Indian fans thus uniting them across religions. Sports form a part of the worldwide entertainment industry. The corporates have millions riding on the different tournaments and cups in the games and to increase their marketability they hire sports stars to be the brand ambassadors of their products, investing in the saleability of the game and its icon. Distinct social meanings can be constructed and deconstructed through the sports and their interplay with the society. A few sports have now developed into social forces of unprecedented importance. Andrei Markovits has talked about the evolution of the hegemonic sports culture in which only a few sports become a part of the popular culture. It is defined by watching, following, worrying, debating, living, and speaking a sport rather than merely playing it. This is demonstrated in the following that the sports nowdays have huge following, fans live, eat and breathe their favourite sports. Cricket is one of the sports that have been elevated to being a part of the popular culture and it influences the cultural and social milieu and the life of people. Cricket has acquired an unimaginable power over the daily habits of people and as a sport has crossed the immediate consumer-producer relationship. The game of cricket has evolved over a period of time and our focus will be on its development from a gentlemans game to the game of sledging and to the game of gamesmanship behaviour. Cricket has its cultura l and historical roots in Victorian England. The Victorian tradition of the sport defines it as a predominantly male game and its image as a gentlemans game is drawn from it. Cricket was the game associated with aristocracy while soccer has been the game associated with masses. The mark of the game has been the fairplay and the sportsmanship. The values of courtesy and chivalry were seeked to be imbibed in the game. Rules were to be followed on-field and decorum was to be maintained both on and off-field. There are not rules in cricket but laws which have to be followed keeping in spirit with the nature of the game. Britains imperialism and its bourgeoisie capitalistic culture, codified the language of the game and the rules and regulations were universally accepted. As Steve Readhead had put it that it was time to take law and cricket seriously and there is nothing as important as Cricket. A strict application of laws was expected and a spirit of chivalry inundated the game. The 18 th century was important in the spread of the game due to English imperialism. The game was transported to the colonies of the British Commonwealth and the tradition of the game was fully adhered to. Sanskritization was a theory propounded by M.N. Srinivas which postulates that the lower strata of the society seeks upward mobility in the social ladder by emulating the habits and practices of the upper strata. But what followed in cricket was its reverse sanskritization. Initially cricket in the Indian subcontinent was an elitist game patronized by the royalty and played by the upper strata of the society who appreciated the elitist culture of the game. The doyens of cricket included Maharajas of Jamnagar, Maharaja Viji of Vijaynagar, Maharaja of Patiala who belonged to the royal families while the prominent players like Lala Amarnath, Vijay Merchant belonged to the upper social class. Till the 1930s Cricket remained the gentlemans game and fairplay was of paramount importance. But slowly changes could be observed in the way the game was played. In the era following the first world war chauvinistic sentiments were on the rise. Feelings of nationalism increased in the people which were visible in every domain of life including the sports culture. To win the game became the number one priority of the sportsperson and this change was visible in the game of cricket too. Now winning involved the nations prestige. Cricket is a game worth taking trouble over and playing well, wrote Douglas Jardine, the former England cricket captain, in Cricket: How to Succeed (1936), but like all other games there is a right and a wrong way of playing it (Jardine 1936: 3). The changing times reflected the changing sentiments in the way cricket was played. In 1930 Australia had scored an easy victory over England with the emergence of the legendary batsman Donald Bradman. His brilliant performance in the test series had made the English fearful. In the 1932 test series between England and Australia, the priority of the English bowlers was to contain Bradmans score. Under captain Douglas Jardine, and employed by the England fast bowlers Harold Larwood and Bill Voce a new technique of bowling was developed whereby a batsman could be contained by limiting the range of his strokes and by encouraging error. This was called the bodyline or fast-leg theory. The bowlers targeted the body of the Australian batsman. The deliveries used to be led provoked the batsman which would then end in a catch to one of the six or more fielders stationed on the leg side. Thus the Australian Board of Cricket lodged a formally protested against the unsportsmanlike behavior by the English players. This test series was controversial as it engendered ill-feeling between the two countries and it also raised among the English and the Australians, questions about the interpretations that codes of cricket mean and could mean. Questions were also raised about the right and wrong way to play and these included the cultural and social interface and their relation with the game. Systems of meanings were explored in the game by both sides that had previously been left implicit. Post the Bodyline series The Australian journalist and cricketer Arthur Mailey pointed that something modern was happening to cricket. Argus newspaper explained bodyline as a portrayal of a new set of values which was a result of the modern age (Mailey 1933: 12; Stoddart 1979: 136). C. L. R. James also read the series in these terms, though he saw Jardines strategy as an escalation of cricketing tendencies already established by Bradman himself. It was the violence and ferocity of our age expressing itself in cricket, he writes in Beyond a Boundary (James 1963: 186). The reverse sanskritization of cricket was palpable, the upper strata of society had adopted the social mores of the lower strata. Aggression became a part of the play and victory became the aim of the players which was to be attained at all costs. As Jardine had put it the right and the wrong way of playing described the ambiguity between the moral and the technical semantics, which defined the aftermath of victories in Australia. Jardine resigned as the English captain after the series, but the game lost its sense of fairplay and sportsmanship. The elitist culture was giving way to mass culture. Sportsmanship slowly gave way to gamesmanship. The spirit of the cricket laws was replaced by the letters. Vinoo Mankad Mankaded Bill Brown. It occurred during Indias tour of Australia on 13 December 1947 in the second test match at Sydney. Mankading is a method of dismissal in which the bowler runs a batsman out in his delivery stride. While it is a statistically rare occurrence in cricket in general, and even rarer in Test cricket, it is the clearest and starkest example of the conflict between legal formalism in cricket and an ideal of the game based on higher or more important ethical norms. Sledging has become a part of contemporary cricket added by the problems of match fixing. The game shifted from being an elitist culture to a game of the masses. The commercialization resulted in the real essence of cricket being lost. Due to commercialization there has been an increase in level of competition between the teams. Though big bucks are being made by people involved yet the quality of the game is being compromised. The gentlemans game became the game of the masses. It is evident that there are two dominant trains of thought, one that believes in the higher order of the game, which was practised in the days gone by. Fairplay was the code of the game and the laws which were to be applied to the game reinforced the higher and truer order of the game. The hegemonic sports culture represents frozen spaces. These spaces are like the ones presented by political parties and political systems which are resistant to any innovation in the system. Changes are resisted by the social and cultural forces. Sports spaces create emotional attachments and collective identifications. Tradition defines these spaces at local, national and regional level. Globalization exerts pressures on the localized sports cultures which they resist. Sports like politics remains local, the love that people have for their sport and their institutions associated with it like the myths, legends, colours and the pubs and bars. Thus change is always resisted due to the fear of losing t hese attachments and the sense of identity. But the post industrial globalization is exerting unprecedented pressure on the sports spaces. The cultural and social spaces are being challenged by the globalization. The identities and allegiances which constitute the differences in the landscape of sports and politics began to blur round the edges. Hegemonic sports cultures are becoming prolific across the globe, at pace with the development of media and pop culture which are interdependent. An example here can be given of the IPL 20-20 which in origin is Indian but has a universal following. The foreign and the Indian players are given equal respect and are admired by all. In the present age sports like cricket present a cosmopolitan culture which cannot be found in the society which is deeply divided on basis of borders and religion. Cricket provides attachments and allegiances and a new form of cosmopolitan identity. This cosmopolitan nature of the sport facilitates an acknowledgeme nt of the best talents and it transforms the collective identities. Like Ronaldinho and Zidane, the greatest and the best known of the soccer players, Sachin Tendulkar too is adored and worshipped by millions of cricket fans across the globe. He too has attained a celebrity status and is a cultural icon. He is a superstar in his own right and is a truly global player. He has a cultural production beyond the playing field. Cricket is my religion and Sachin is my God. Is one of the sayings which can describe the mania associated with Tendulkar. Youth not only adore and worship a Tendulkar or a Lara, they try to adopt their aggression, composure, warmth into their personality. Cricketers shape and mould the youth behaviour. They follow their slangs, dress, hairstyle and attitude. Players are globally admired and they are representatives of cultural understandings of the worlds diverse societies. Often the sports spaces are the first through which migrants gain social acceptance and recognition. Hence cricket in a way is a medium of cultural exchange. An other example that can be given is of the infamous Monkeygate Scandal involving the Autralian cricketer Andrew Symonds and Indian cricketer Harbhajan Singh. Singh was accused to racially abusing Symonds. This had led to rigorous protests by the Indian fans and there was resentment against Symonds in the Indian cricket followers. But he was accepted and adored by the fans nce he joined the IPL as a member of the Mumbai Indians. Maarten Van Bottenburg and Johan Heilbron have shown in their research on Ultimate fighting and other No Holds Barred Events that these sports had developed in opposition to the overly cosmopolitan and sportized venues. Men wanted a fight without rules without being overly regulated. They wanted to find out who the best was and who would be the last man standing without being hassled any authority and bureaucratic system. They were not there to find out who the best wrestler or the best boxer was, but they wanted to know who the best fighter was. This transformation was visible in cricket too. Cricket has always had a strong male bias among its followers and the masculine idea of the patriarchal Victorian England formed the opinions about cricket being essentially a male game. The effeminate and technical Test cricket slowly lost its sheen to limited 50 over cricket and finally to 20-20. The shorter form of game were considered virile, no hold barred power display and excited the mas ses. From the leisurely gentlemans game cricket became an aggressive sport whose priority was to please the spectators. The contests used to be localized earlier but due to the quick channels of communication, these attained global dimensions by acquiring rules and regulations and television contracts. When Bill Shankly had been asked to explain the importance of soccer, the Liverpool manager had exclaimed: Some people think football is a matter of life or death. I dont like that attitude. I can assure them it is much more important than that. Cricket can easily be substituted for soccer in the context of the Indian subcontinent. The games can vary from country to country yet the social and cultural phenomena associated with each game are the same everywhere.

The Struggle of Women Trying to be Equal to Men Essay -- Feminism Femi

The Struggle of Women Trying to be Equal to Men Throughout many decades women have been struggling to be equal to men, both at home and in the work place. Women have come a long way and are certainly fighting to gain that equality, but gender roles are very important in our society. They have become important in life from birth, and society continues to push these gender roles. The treatment of the male gender is very different from that of the female, and this issue has become very important to me, as a woman. As children we learn and adapt to specific gender roles, and as we grow they become more evident and more important to our role in a society. There is a lot of discrimination against the female gender. Carol Gilligan argued that women are more likely to make decisions based on responsibility and norms of caring, where as men are likely to apply principles of justice to their decisions .Because of this discrimination, social mobility has been difficult, but is definitely changing to benefit women and is definitely something I would like to see changed. Women of the later 20th century are fighting more to end the discrimination, and a lot has improved. But women are still looked down upon in society, and men still have the power. I believe that this issue is important, not only to myself, but to everyone. It is an issue that effects everyone, and people have to realize that women are stronger, smarter and involved with the world much more than they were a half a cen...

Capitalism Racism And Patriarchy

A specific targeted attack Is needed to dismantle septets of oppression. Marxism alone cannot adequately address inequalities of race and gender because it ignores the historical impacts of race and gender As such critical problems will persist Patriarchy Is not Just a superstructure It is an independent oppressive system which must also be dismantled before true revolution can occur Patriarchal norms will persist In the home (home Is a reflection of society) Marxist revolution alone is not sufficient for gender and race equalityPatriarchy and Capitalism and Racism all oppress women as allied but independent systems Therefore the revolution that Marx envisioned, a society that would operate under equality for all would need to address them as such and challenge them through a combined attack Marx believed that economic change would lead to cultural change and all other forms of oppression would eventually ceases For Marx and Angels women were seen as a the men's proletariat They conc luded that childcare and housework needed to be socialized Assumed that production shapes human consciousness and societyClass takes precedence – class based revolution rather than race and gender based movements Is women's integration into production enough to make patriarchy fall? Considers the liberation of women and minorities only within the context of a gender-blind, color-blind, class-based society emancipation of those oppressed by class Critics of Marx Marx theory focuses only on work as a means of oppression Minimizes Patriarchy and Racist's influence by using Communism as a blanketed one size fits all approach to eliminating all forms of oppressionArgue that the dynamics between Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Racism as independent but mutually supportive systems that must be overthrown together Destruction of Capitalism alone will not guarantee that these other systems will be abolished Oppression can continue in the home Creates a double day for women Does not addres s issues of occupational segregation Which continue to keep women in subjugated positions Creates the risk that the oppressions of women and minorities will be considered a non-integral part of the transition to CommunismSince such oppressions are viewed as superstructures and therefore secondary to economic issues Under this logic Patriarchy and Racism will be allowed to survive which highlights the need for a triangulated approach. Failure to address them as such may lead prevent initiatives to eliminate them from being taken seriously (strictly enforced) Patriarchy and Racism are culturally ingrained It is necessary to disarm the weapons of capitalism in order to neutralize their effects on those that they target.By allowing these struggles to be viewed as secondary (or simply ignored) The establishment of policies that will address these oppressions will only be dependent on the â€Å"whims† of revolutionary leadership Will benefit women and minorities only when there int erests align with those of the revolution. Interest convergence) Strong cultural ideals restricting women to the home will continue to discourage them from participating in the workforce Not everything that supports the revolution will necessarily eliminate patriarchy and racism More likely it will lead to half measures which will in turn produce only half successes (gender assigned occupational segregation) Even colonization will continue to perpetuate gaps in workforce participation Revolution alone will not achieve the full scale equality that Marx presumed would follow as a result of the end of Capitalism A society where women and minorities can become full economic partners REQUIRES a re-envisioning of the household so as to professionalism and collective the tasks traditionally performed by each woman in her individual home.However women are still left with the majority of responsibility for the home and hillier and this only perpetuates patriarchal values about women and men' s places in society Whether commitment to gender and racial liberation is real or mere rhetoric How can we trust a system birthed within oppression of women and racism to truly emancipate either group? All the services provided for women are disproportionately provided by women for example childcare services and even after a revolution they are likely to stay the same since Marxist theory ignores how these systems have manifested : occupational segregation for example. Even if laws are created to address these systems it will be difficult to enforce them within a society that has been conditioned by these racist and patriarchal beliefs and as such will most likely fail to have any meaningful impact Culturally women are Just assumed to take on domestic duties.That the majority of childcare, nursing, housekeeping are still predominately occupied by women only serves to highlight the cultural significance of patriarchy which Marxism ignores. Even under Marxism this suggests that societ y would be hesitant to abandon the rotational role of women as the homemaker and therefore ignore how this dynamic would result in women being subjected to a disproportionate burden within society. Which Marxism inherently ignores. As such Marxism fails to address racist and patriarchal institutions which on the surface appear to be race and gender neutral. Racism and Patriarchy are not merely Just cultural ideologies Roles of women and minorities in high leadership positions continue to be lacking.

Recounts Of The Birth Of Singapore Essay

Who / Year How it started When the reign ended Why he left Sejarah Melayu Seri Teri Buana, Prince of Palembang / 1299 Decided to stay after he saw the merlion and renamed Temasek as Singapura After 5 generations / 1396 Last king, Iskandar Shah betrayed by his official who opened the gates for invading Javanese forces Portuguese recounts Parameswara, Prince of Palembang / 1392 Fled Majapahit forces despatched to crush the rebellion he staged After 4 years / 1396  Assassinated host who welcomed him. Fled the ensuing Thai forces set to avenge for the dead ruler Accounts on the birth of Singapura Sejarah Melayu Portuguese accounts â€Å"Singapura as an auspicious location, a new city to be established† 1299: Seri Teri Buana leaves Palembang, arrives, discovered and renamed the place as Singapura Ends his reign after 48 years when he died, succeeded by his son Reign ended after 5 generations, in 1396 Singapura was powerful and able to challenge Majapahit, the major hegemon in the archipelago Why singapura had power? Second ruler of Singapura, son of Seri Teri Buana, married to daughter of Tamil ruler of Kalinga Singapura had standings among the indian kingdoms Reason for its end: 1396, Last king, Sultan Iskandar Shah was betrayed by one of his officials , to the invading Majapahit Iskandar Shah fled singapura, went to Melaka to set up a port-city â€Å"Singapura as a refuge† 1392: Parameswara arrives after fleeing an unsuccessful uprising against Majapahit in Palembang; he then kills his host, and takes over Singapura Reason for its end: 1396, Parameswara forced to flee from an invading Thai force sent to avenge the murder of its vassal Great civilizations of Asia: China, India and Middle East ïÆ'  Affected economic, social and political history of the coastal port-states of Melaka Straits region How did the port settlements along the Melaka Straits region function? (dependent on trade context) 1. Asian maritime trade involving exchange of goods between states in south china sea and indian ocean One main port in the Melaka straits emerges as the entrepot , the centrifugal point between the markets in these two major Asian economic regions The other ports in the Melaka straits subsumes themselves under this chief entrepot, acting as feeder ports, servicing the chief port’s economic needs, benefitting from the Asian trade directly 2. Trade context differed, no need for chief entrepot port -ports orientate their economic outlook towards key markets that were closest to them -ports on northern end of MS focused on India and Middle East -ports on southern end (incl sg) focused on the malay archipelago, mainland SEA and china Temasek: -collection centre -export gateway for products obtainable from immediate area (for South Johor and Riau Arcipelago) ïÆ'  Chinese ceramic and glassware imported by Temasek were similar, glass ware had similar compositions (Shows that Riau Archipelago was intimately linked to Temasek!) Singapura Region 1402 Singapura comes under Melaka Sultanate. Acts as the home base of the Orang Laut, warriors of the Melaka sultans Parameswara establishes Kingdom of Melaka 1511 Melaka falls to the Portuguese 1528 Last sultan of Melaka establishes Johor Sultanate up the Johor River 1530 Orang Laut chief defends Singapura against Portuguese attacks Series of Portuguese attacks on Johor Sultanate Year 14th Temasek Region China Before 990 Chinese ships banned from venturing abroad to trade 990 Ã¥ ®â€¹lifted ban though trade, however, still highly controlled: -ships had to register at the Guangzhou port before they could embark on a journey to SEA maritime market did not expand significantly trade continued to be facilitated by foreign ships (arab origin) ïÆ'  types of goods brought and volume of maritime trade could not be dictated by Chinese market 1079 Malayu at Jambi became premier emporium in the Melaka Straits 1087- 1090 From small volume, high value exotic goods to large volume, low value mundane goods SEA: important source of low value goods (rich in natural resources, geographical proximity) Chinese vessels permitted to go on overseas voyages as long as they have permits and their departure was officially registered by local administration 1127 Temasek one of many ports in the region that emerged to serve Chinese traders Srivijaya loses chief enterpot port position Expansion of maritime trade and growth of coastal cities under Soong Dynasty 1275 According to Daoyi Zhilue, Temasek specialised in hornbill, lakawood and cotton. (competitive advantage) Temasek served as a trading hub for a regional hinterland Jambi, capital of Srivijaya, sacked by invasion forces. Port-settlements mushroomed along Melaka Straits 1279 Yuan Dynasty encourages maritime trade 1299 Seri Teri Buana arrives -commanded a large retinue of boat people (Orang Laut) 1330s Wang Dayuan arrives in Temasek and records a Thai invasion that was thwarted by a Chinese mission 1368 Temasek ceded to Melaka in return for annual fixed payment of gold. Temasek’s existence as autonomous port-settlement came to an end Prince from Palembang secured sole rights to conduct trade with Ming court, Melaka became the key port of call Zhu Yuanzhang overthrows Yuan Dynasty and reinstates trade ban Fort Canning Hill Main settlement Area Where North Bank of the Singapore River Who inhabited Royal family, ruling family What is it used for Centre of ritual and political activities in Temasek Location of main settlements and economic activities of Temasek (e.g. trading) How did it looked like Artisan Quarters Lower east slope of hill is the artisan and servants quarters; high concentration of glass fragments, beads, ceramic moulds suggest glass- and jewellery-making Religious site Higher up east slope, lies remains of a building foundation of religious significance; non-perishable materials were used for the construction Royal abode On the northern slope near the summit of the hill was an impressive terrace site likely used to house the ruling family Restricted Space Royal garden and palace on the hill’s eastern and northern slope were inaccessible to commoners due to salt marches to the west and forest up north Boundaries / Defence The royal residency is likely to have a perimeter defence and there is likely to have spatial demarcation to mark out the functions of the spaces Archaeological findings in new Parliament House, Empress Place, Colombo Court Site, Singapore Cricket Club and St. Andrew’s Cathedral revealed: Earthenware Water containers and cooking pots were mostly made in Singapore. Coarse Stoneware Ceramics Storage jars and bottles were entirely imported from aboard. Most likely used to store foodstuff or other smaller ceramic pieces to be carried around Fine Stoneware and Porcelain Ceramics were product of kilns in Guangdong and Fujian. Yuan period blue and white porcelain were also recovered Metal Finds Copper coins minted during Song period with several minted in Yuan. No coins post-date Yuan. Yuan used paper currency extensively and in Ming, Singapore no longer autonomous port Evidence This form of religious architecture was fairly common throughout island Southeast Asia in the classical period Archaeologists unearthed rare and valuable Chinese ceramics; flexible gold armlets of Javanese-inspired designs near Fort Canning site Occurrence of iron and copper finds only at New Parliament House site suggests metal smelting and working concentrated there Large quantities of storage jar shards from Empress Place and Old Parliament House suggest unloading of trade goods off ships and location of storage facilities Higher concentration of copper coins at New Parliament House, Singapore Cricket club and St. Andrew’s Cathedral suggests trade conducted further inland, away from the harbour and warehouses Context: Straits of Melaka and Sunda Straits the only two channels connecting the South China Sea to the Indian Ocean. Control of the waters around Singapore would have accorded control, security & economic benefits to the power that was able to project that strategic capability. Build-up: As early as 1620s, Ming had the detailed recorded navigational know-how through the Keppel Straits Portuguese also had the knowledge by early 16th Century Event Britain took over Dutch territories in Java & Melaka after Dutch loss to France in the war in Europe 1818 Raffles assigned to Sumartra as Lieutenant-Governor 28 Jan 1819 Raffles anchored off St John’s Island 6 Feb 1819 Treaty that gave British rights to set up a factory in exchange for money to Tengku Husain and Temenggong was signed June 1819 Raffles signed further agreements with Husain and Temenggong that regularise the administration of the settlement, limiting their influence on Singapore Oct 1822 1 June 1824 Crawfurd stopped all payments to Husain by alleging that agreements to pay Husain was not legitimate and Husain in return owed the East India Company money. In order to repay the debts, Crawfurd wanted Husain to sign a new treaty that gave up Husain’s power in the island 2 Aug 1824 New treaty signed Players leading to the establishment of colonial Singapore Maritime Network Up till 1923, Singapore was a trading port without a clearly defined hinterland that could only be reached by sea. The economic networks that sustained Singapore operated on an extended sea-lined foreland covering much of Indian Ocean and South China Sea. As a colonial port, Singapore’s trade was predominantly Asian. SEA accounted for a quarter, China 12%. Overland trade with SEA was insignificant, hence Singapore’s position between two oceans was more important than being on the southernmost tip of Asia. Late nineteenth century: Singapore gradually became a staple port from which Malayan commodities such as tin and rubber were processed and exported to the rest of the world Tin Demand for tin exploded in 1810 with the introduction of tin cans (also used in American Civil War for preserved food for troops) Tin mining mostly done by Malays prior to nineteenth century Chinese labourers began coming to Malaya after the founding of Pinang to work in tin mines since Malays were reluctant to increase production to meet the rising demand for tin In 1874, British signed the Pangkor Engagement with the Malay sultans to keep law and order through the establishment of a British resident (to protect their investments in the tin industry) Brought abt peace and stability, thus bringing more investments and more Chinese migration 1890, western tin-smelter built by Straits Trading company as a European investment Rubber Development of motor car industry in United States ïÆ'  led to establishing of rubber plantations in Malaya Ridley persistently promoted rubber as a cash crop Discovered how to tap rubber sap without damaging the tree in 1897 1908, despite protests by London agents, british firms in sg banded tgt to start rubber market in singapore 3 years later, Rubber Association handled sale of rubber; Singapore developed into an important international rubber market 1905 Shipping industry developed to serve the new port-city , Colonial government assumed control and development of the port to meet the increasing demand  Tanjong Pagar Dock Ordinance began converting into Singapore Harbour Board 1924 Road link between Malaya and Singapore opened, serving the tin, rubber and oil from the Northern hinterland Colonial Singapore experienced early industrialisation as a result of the raw materials that was coming from the North Proposed Defence / Motivations Results 1819 – 1827 Series of artillery batteries over the island with a major artillery fort on Pearl’s Hill Singapore was worth defending in view of Dutch threat – Britain in debt from administering expanding Indian empire, unable to fund the defences – Britain did not perceive the Dutch threat grave enough to improve defences 1843 Protect the entrance to Kallang River, New Harbour at Tanjong Pagar with series of artillery batteries and forts. In view of the opening up of China after the Opium War, Captain Best proposed to beef up defences in Singapore as part of a greater sea lane from Singapore to China. Series of Artillery batteries & forts VS Naval squadron from Bengal Local merchants wanted batteries but were not willing to pay for it / Bengal argued that naval squadron was more effective 1878 Advent of steam ships, Suez Canal and telegraph brought the Empire â€Å"closer†. Small conflicts no longer local and could escalate into wider conflicts Major McCullum propose strong naval fleet with secure chain of ports and coaling station as combat support Fortification of Singapore carried out among together with Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, etc. 1921 Far East Fleet to counter an emerging and hostile Japan, and also to protect interest in SEA and Australia Imperial Conference reviewed and decided with only the construction of a naval base and not a Far East Fleet Construction and fortification of Singapore started in 1923 and completed only in 1938 1945 – Britain came out of WWII severely weakened but still had an empire to govern. She wanted to de-colonize and bring colonies under the â€Å"Commonwealth† umbrella, maintaining a certain influence over them Saw Singapore as an important pivot to combat communism in the region Britain increased defence in Singapore to maintain her military presence in the region PAP’s English educated members and Indian politicians appealed to workers and unions while Lee Chin Siong’s Chinese roots appealed to the China-born voters who had yet to shed their Chinese chauvinism. As such, PAP won the election against Lim Yew Hock’s Labour Front Britain was unaware of LKY’s agenda behind LKY’s seemingly enigmatic choice of working with the communist despite PAP’s anti-communist ideology Reasons for Merger Worries of Merger PAP Economic: Create jobs for an increasing population In order to sustain declining economy, needed Malaya as a hinterland and Malaya’s consumer market to aid her weakening entrepot Without merger, Singapore unable to rival neighbouring countries’ low production cost and bigger market Politics: Have to fulfil their electoral promise of delivering independence to Singapore Independence could only be achieved through merger Financial  Singapore wanted to collect all tax revenue within the island and pay an agreed amount to the central government Malaya wanted all tax revenue to be  collected centrally and give Singapore what they needed Citizenship Singapore was not comfortable with the possibility of relegating to second class citizens in Malaysia; citizenship rights were not ironed out Malaya Prevent the defeated Malayan Communist Party from using Singapore as a springboard to mount a comeback Sweetener in Brunei, Sarawak and North Borneo ïÆ' ¨ Although Borneo was unhappy, their complains were disregarded by Britain ïÆ' ¨Made North Borneo part of the merger deal to sweeten the deal for Malaya Chinese radicals in Singapore whose violent riots were well-documented Did not want to lose central control over Singapore after merger Britain Favoured merger to keep communism in the region in check Has vested interest in Singapore in their established military base, hence did not want Singapore to turn to communism 1954 – 1955 Number of Chinese riots and clashes including the Hock Lee Riots and Chinese students over the new National Service Ordinance 1959 PAP won election with help of Left-Wing radicals Lim Chin Siong and Feng Swee Suan Singapore granted self-governance by the British May 1961 Tunku announced contemplation to bring Singapore, Borneo, Brunei & Sarawak under the Malaysia Jul 1961 PAP loses second by-elections in Anson engineered by the Communist Aug 1961 13 PAP rebels formed the Barisan Sosialis which opposed merger Sep 1961 Broad agreements to the merger reached, working committees to be formed to iron out details of merger â€Å"before June 1963† Sep 1962 Singaporeans vote for merger in the National Referendum Feb 1963 Operation Coldstore arrests key left-wing and presumably pro-Communist leaders Jul 1963 Final negotiations in London in search of compromise in financial arrangements & a common market Sep 1963 New Federation of Malaysia with Singapore PAP wins elections in Singapore despite UMNO’s participation Nov 1964 First Malaysian Budget unveiled, DPM Goh calculated that Singapore’s taxpayers contributed to 39.8% of the budget even though it had 17% of the population of Malaysia Singapore saw tax on diesel oil and sugar Jul 1964 Malay-Chinese race riots, Syed Ja’afar Albar flamed LKY on different mediums Apr 1964 PAP registered as a Malaysian political party to run against UMNO led alliance and won one seat, threatening UMNO’s political position Feb 1965 Talks on disengaging Kuala Lumpar from Singapore was stopped by Britain May 1965 In the inaugural Malaysian Solidarity Convention, LKY challenged UMNO’s policies for solving Malay’s poverty; argued for a Malaysian Malaysia where race does not play a part Direct challenge to UMNO-led alliance that was split between racial lines Jun 1965 Goh Keng Swee and Tun Razak held secret talks on separation without Britain knowing Aug 1965 Separation After 1965 Resumed industrialisation, welcoming FDI in Singapore that was not possible under Malaysia Resumed Indonesian barter trade that was not possible due to Malaysia-Indonesian relations Trade in traditional produce – tin, rubber and rice – gave way to trade in petroleum, petroleum products, shipbuilding and services Bank of China kept institutions in existence 1967 Sing dollars came into existence Longue Duree Problems Respond / Results Lack of Sense of Belonging Singapore has been an immigration haven, population comprised of immigrants, descendants of immigrants who had been living and working within their respective ethnic groups Different groups of people with diverse language, historical and cultural background meant that they did not have a sense of belonging in Singapore People had no stake it Singapore Create a common identity, shared experience in WWII Espoused principles of Equality, Meritocracy, multiracialism and multiculturalism 1967, introduced NS, fostering sense of Nationhood Resettlement program offers cheap housing raising standard of living of Singaporeans tremendously, it also provided Singaporeans with a stake in the country Small town Defence Was very vulnerable fresh out of separation, threats from Indonesian Konfrontation, Malaysia, etc ïÆ' ¨ intended to rely on British military presence but they withdrew in 1971 Chinese country in a Malay region Deterrence is Singapore’s best form of defence ïÆ' ¨ poison shrimp – porcupine – dolphin 1971, ASEAN was established to serve the need for regional corporation in matters to foreign affairs Singapore befriended global powers like the US Powerful friends + Local defences Entrepot trade susceptible to global swings Singapore’s economy is one of a staple port that supported the primary economy of a large rural hinterland ïÆ' ¨ In 14th, served Riau and Borneo ïÆ' ¨ Early 20th, served Malaysia In 1965, Malaysia’s trade barriers, Indonesia’s Sukarno administration and China’s Cultural Revolution made it impossible for Singapore to rely on their traditional economic pillars Enterpot trade was VERY susceptible to global trends Manufacturing Embraced colonial past and opened up to West Import-substitution manufacturing for domestic market to manufacturing for Western market Education and training realigned to upgrade economic productivity Business-friendly labour laws passed Financial Sector Insurance, international banking corporations encouraged to establish Asian base in Singapore Shipping Improved port and shipping capabilities Results By 1975, Singapore was the world’s 3rd busiest port GDP increased tremendously in early independence